Mesfin Yimam, Young-Chul Lee, Tae-Woo Kim, Breanna Moore, Ping Jiao, Mei Hong, Hyun-Jin Kim, Jeong-Bum Nam, Mi-Ran Kim, Jin-Sun Oh, Sabrina Cleveland, Eu-Jin Hyun, Min Chu, and Qi Jia,
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic debilitating degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage degradation and synovial inflammation exhibited by clinical symptoms such as joint swelling, synovitis, and inflammatory pain. Present day pain relief therapeutics heavily relies on the use of prescription and over the counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as the first line of defense where their long-term usage causes detrimental gastrointestinal and cardiovascular-related side-effects. As a result, the need for evidence based safer and efficacious alternatives from natural sources to overcome the most prominent and disabling symptoms of arthritis is a necessity.
mulberroside A was from Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals (catalog number: BP0964)
